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Mississippi  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 


CIRCULAR  ON 

THE  UNDERGROUND 

WATERS  OE  MISSISSIPPI 

By  W.  N.  LOGAN. 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  MISSISSIPPI. 

1  905. 


TVOKEII  MINT'NS  HQUtE«  JACKSON,  MiSS 


UNIVERSITY  OF 
ILLINOIS  LIBRARY 
AT  URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 
ACES 


THE  UNDERGROUND 

WATERS  OF  MISSISSIPPI 

W.  N.  LOGAN. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The  (]iiestion  of  an  available  supply  of  potable  water  is  one 
of  vital  importance  to  the  citizens  of  our  state.  The  questionable 
sanitary  condition  of  the  surface  and  shallow-well  waters  in  many 
parts  of  the  state  has  rendered  the  investigation  of  the  availability 
of  deep  underground  waters  not  alone  desirable  but,  in  many  instan¬ 
ces,  imperative.  An  abundant  supply  of  potable  water  may  be 
considered  one  of  the  commonwealth’s  most  valuable  resources  for 
upon  it  depends  not  only  the  physical  well  being  of  its  people  but  also 
much  of  its  material  prosperity.  ' 

In  general,  deep  underground  waters  are  free  from  pollution  from 
human  sources  and  have  this  advantage  over  surface  supplies.  While 
other  sources  of  infection,  such  as  milk,  oysters  and  other  contaminated 
foods  are  admitted,  impure  drinking  water  is  now  conceded  to  be 
responsible,  in  the  majority  of  instances,  for  the  spread  of  typhoid 
fever.  In  all  instances  of  recent  investigation  human  pollution  has 
been  discovered  and  a  removal  of  the  source  of  pollution  or  the  securing, 
by  other  means,  of  a  supply  of  pure  water  has  been  the  means,  in  every 
instance  of  checking  the  spread  of  the  disease. 

And  although  the  mosquito  theory  for  the  transmission  of  malaria 
is  now  commonly  accepted,  nevertheless  it  has  been  found  that  in  nearly 
every  community  where  a  change  has  been  made  from  the  use  of  surface 
or  shallow-well  water  to  deep  underground  water  there  has  been  a 
marked  diminution  in  the  number  of  malarial  cases.  It  is  probable 
that  the  use  of  such  impure  waters  produces,  on  the  constitution, 
an  effect  which  renders  the  person  more  susceptible  to  disease.  Con¬ 
sequently  in  nearly  every  instance  in  which  pure  underground  water 
has  taken  the  place  of  impure  surface  waters  there  has  been  a  marked 
improvement  in  general  health  conditions. 

ORIGIN  OF  UNDERGROUND  WATERS. 

The  origin  of  the  underground  waters  of  Mississippi  is  precipita¬ 
tion.  Of  the  water  which  falls  upon  the  surface  a  part  is  evaporated. 


4 


UNDERGROUND  WATERS  OF  MISSISSIPPI 


a  part,  called  the  run-off,  is  carried  away  by  the  surface  streams  and 
a  part  sinks  into  the  rocks  and  becomes  the  source  of  underground 
waters.  Estimating  the  average  annual  rain-fall  of  the  state  at  fifty- 
four  inches  the  amount  of  water  falling  upon  each  square  mile  of 
surface  is  125,516,800  cubic  feet,  or  about  1,466,331  gallons  per  acre 
during  each  year.  A  large  per  cent,  of  this  water  percolates  the  rocks 
to  form  the  supply  of  underground  water.  The  underground  waters 
of  Alississippi  flow  in  some  pervious  rock  stratum  toward  the  Gulf 
and  doubtless  ultimately  mingle  with  the  waters  of  that  body  as  is 
true  of  the  surface  streams. 

Purity. — The  purity  of  underground  waters  depends  upon  a  number 
of  factors,  chief  among  which  are:  Freedom  of  source  from  pollution; 
distance  from  source,  depth,  and  character  of  super-incumbent  rock. 
In  investigating  the  purity  of  a  water  it  is  necessary  to  consider  its 
environment  as  well  as  its  bacteriological  and  chemical  conditions. 
The  impurities  of  underground  waters  may  be  classed  as  organic  and 
inorganic.  Deep  underground  waters  usually  contain  but  small  quan¬ 
tities  of  organic  impurities.  It  is  possible,  however,  in  the  case  of  waters 
flowing  through  beds  of  rock  containing  large  quantities  of  organic 
matter  that  some  considerable  quantities  of  such  substances  will  be 
found  in  them.  Such  conditions  exist  in  some  of  the  Quaternary 
deposits  of  the  Gulf  coast  and  in  some  of  the  deep  water-bearing  strata 
of  the  Mississippi  Bottoms.  The  majority  of  the  shallow-well  waters 
of  the  latter  area  also  contain  much  organic  matter.  The  amount  of 
organic  matter  permissable  in  a  potable  water  depends  upon  the  char¬ 
acter  of  the  organic  substances  and  the  sources  and  environment  of 
the  water.  In  streams,  shallow  wells,  or  other  surface  sources  of  supply 
the  presence  of  .10  parts  albuminoid  ammonia  per  million  parts  of 
water  is  looked  upon  with  suspicion  while  .15  parts  per  million  is  deemed 
sufficient  to  condemn  the  water  for  drinking  purposes.  Organic  matter 
as  it  usually  occurs  in  underground  water  with  the  albuminoid  ammonia 
it  contains  is  not  necessarily  harmful.  It  becomes  so,  however,  through 
its  decomposition  in  the  presence  of  bacterial  growth.  Proof  of  such 
decomposition  will  be  established  by  the  presence  of  any  trace  of 
nitrites,  with  considerable  quantities  of  nitrates  or  free  ammonia. 
Water  from  deep  underground  sources  is  not  likely  to  be  infested 
with  objectionable  germ  growth  and  can  be  used  with  safety 
when  fresh,  although  the  presence  of  albuminoid  ammonia  and 
the  discoloration  of  the  water  may  indicate  that  it  contains  an  abnormal 
quantity  of  organic  matter.  Such  waters  by  standing  in  open  con¬ 
tainers  become  suitable  culture  media  for  bacteria  and  are  thus  rendered 


MISSISSIPPI  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


5 


unsafe  as  a  source  of  water  supply.  They  are  for  this  reason  never 
above  suspicion. 


Organic  3Iatter  in  Mississippi  Deep-well  Waters. — Analyses  of  waters 
from  the  following  wells  disclosed  the  presence  of  organic  matter  in 
the  following  amounts.: 


PARTS  OF  FREE 

PARTS  OF  ALBU- 

AMMONIA 

MINOID  AMMONIA 

PER  MILLION. 

PER  MILLION. 

Columbus  City  Well . 

. 18 

.02 

Hickory,  Gallaspie  Well . 

. 50 

.02 

Wavnesboro,  Town  Well . 

.  .76 

.38 

Tunica,  Town  Well . 

. 08 

.05 

Clarksdale,  900-foot  Well  . 

. 50 

.05 

Clarksdale,  330-foot  Well  . 

. 60 

.05 

Clarksdale,  90-foot  Well  . 

. 64 

.04 

Cleveland  Well  . 

.  .78 

.06 

Indianola  Well  . 

.  .128 

.448 

Ruleville  Well  . 

.  .455 

.130 

Doddsville  Well  . 

. 144 

.504 

Sunflower  Well . 

. 18 

.254 

Leland  Well . 

. 29 

.072 

Greenville  Well  . 

. 168 

.032 

Grenada  Well  . 

. 555 

.069 

Inorganic  Impurities. — The  chemical  elements  most  abundant  in 
Mississippi  underground  waters  are:  Chlorine,  sodium,  carbon,  calcium, 
magnesium,  potassium,  iron,  sulphur,  silica  and  phosphorous.  These 
elements  are  combined  to  fonn  such  mineral  compounds  as  sodium 
cliloride,  calcium  chloride,  magnesium  chloride,  potassium  sulphate, 
magnesium  carbonate,  sodium  carbonate,  and  calcium  carbonate. 

Classification  of  Mississippi  underground  waters. — The  classification 

0 

of  jVIississippi  underground  waters  based  upon  the  predominating  ion 
will  place  the  majority  of  the  waters  so  far  examined  into  one  of  three 
groups:  1.  The  soft  water  group,  the  waters  of  which  contain  less 
than  ten  grains  of  solid  matter  per  gallon.  Z.  The  carbonate  group, 
in  which  the  carbonate  ion  is  the  predominate  one.  3.  The  chlor- 
carbonate  group  in  which  the  chloride  and  carbonate  ions  are  the  pre¬ 
dominate  ones. 


The  Soft  Water  Group. — The  waters  from  deep  wells  in  the  fol¬ 
lowing  places  belong  to  the  soft  water  group:  Canton,  Hickory,  Green¬ 
wood,  Batesville,  Sardis,  Senatobia,  Lexington,  Tunica,  Leflore,  Acker¬ 
man,  Holly  Springs,  Water  Valley,  Riverside,  Tupelo,  Amory,  Aber¬ 
deen,  West  Point  (600-foot) ,  Columbus,  Cliftonville,  Gulfport  and  Biloxi. 


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Arttsian  Artaa 


MISSISSIPPI  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


i 

The  Carbonate  Group. — The  waters  from  the  following  wells  may 
be  classed  as  carbonate:  Taylorsville,  Ittabena,  Cleveland,  Yazoo  City, 
Leland,  Glendora,  Durant,  Tchula,  Moorehead,  Indianola,  Riileville, 
.  Doddsville,  Sunflower,  Dockery,  Clarksdale,  Artesia,  Enterprise,  Quit- 
man  and  Shubuta. 

The  Chlor-carbonate  Group. — To  this  group  belong  the  waters 
from  the  following  wells:  Crawford,  Starkville,  Agricultural  College, 
West  Point  (300-foot),  Wuldrow,  Osborn,  ^lacon,  Ocean  Springs, 
Scranton,  Moss*  Point,  Pass  Christian,  Lyon,  Greenville,  and  Jackson 
(chlor-sulfo-carbonate  group) . 

WATER  -  BEARING  FORMATIONS. 

The  map  on  the  preceding  page  presents  the  distribution  of  the 
principal  geological  formations  of  the  state.  With  the  exception  of 
the  alluvium  of  the  Mississippi  Bottoms  no  attempt  has  been  made 
to  outline  the  surficial  formations.  Only  the  sourthern-most  extension 
of  the  Lafayette  is  represented,  the  broken  line  is  intended  to  indicate 
that  the  formation  has  a  more  northern  extension.  The  principal 
water-bearing  strata  are  contained  in  the  following  formations  of  the 
state:  Potomac,  Tombigbee,  Ripley,  Lignitic  (Lagrange),  Bulirstone, 
Claiborne,  Grand  Gulf,  Lafayette,  and  Port  Hudson.  The  dotted 
areas  on  the  map  indicate  the  known  and  probable  artesian  areas  for 
various  parts  of  the  state. 

ARTESIAN  WATER. 

The  essential  conditions  for  an  artesian  well  are,  briefly  stated, 
as  follows:  1.  A  collecting  ground  or  catchment  basin  located  at  some 
point  higher  than  the  mouth  of  the  proposed  artesian  well. 

2.  A  porous,  inclined,  rock  stratum  extending  from  the  collecting 
ground  to  some  point  below  the  mouth  of  the  proposed  well. 

3.  The  confinement  of  the  porous  stratum  between  impervious 
rock  strata. 

4.  A  well  bore  through  which  the  water  from  the  underground 
porous  stratum  may  reach  the  surface. 

When  the  water  which  falls  upon  the  catchment  area  sinks  into 
the  porous  layer  its  first  tendency,  under  the  influence  of  gravity,  is 
to  flow  downward.  The  downward  flow  continues  until  an  impervious 
stratum  is  reached.  The  water  then  flows  along  the  surface  of  the  im¬ 
pervious  layer  until  a  point  is  reached  at  which  the  influence  of  gravity 
is  overcome  by  hydrostatic  and  rock  pressure.  At  this  point  the  water 
will  rise  toward  the  surface  unless  checked  by  an  impervious  layer. 
A  well  bore  piercing  the  impervious  layer  at  such  a  point  will  allow  a 


8 


UNDERGROUND  WATERS  OF  MISSISSIPPI 


flow  of  water  toward  the  surface  and  if  the  mouth  of  the  bore  has  an 
altitude  less  than  that  of  the  catchment  area  a  flowing  well  will  be 
obtained. 

The  term  “artesian  water,”  as  now  used  in  the  state,  admits  of 
two  interpretations.  The  term  is  used  by  some  people  to  designate 
water  which  rises  in  the  well  irrespective  of  whether  it  flows  from  the 
mouth  of  the  well  or  not.  By  others  it  is  used  to  designate  flowing 


FIG.  2.— A  DIAGRAM  TO  ILLUSTRATE  ESSENTIAL  ARTESIAN  CON¬ 
DITIONS.  A  and  C.,  impervious  layers;  B,  porous  stratum;  D,  artesian 
well;  E,  collecting  ground;  F,  non-flowing  or  hydraulic  well. 

water  only.  In  order  to  avoid  confusion  the  latter  interpretation  is 
given  in  this  report  and  the  term  “hydraulic  water”  is  used  to  designate 
the  former  class  of  waters. 

In  many  areas  of  the  state  in  which  it  is  impossible  to  obtain  flowing 
water  on  account  of  the  altitude  of  the  area,  it  is  possible  to  obtain  a 
good  supply  of  water  within  pumping  distance  of  the  surface.  Such 
an  area  exists  in  the  western  part  of  the  Selma  chalk  outcrop,  bordering 
the  Tombigbee  artesian  basin.  It  is  possible  for  one  conversant  with 
the  geological  conditions  at  a  given  point  to  estimate  the  depth  at 
which  water  may  be  obtained  and  the  height  to  which  it  will  rise  in 
the  well  providing  the  altitude  and  the  geographical  position  of  the 
place  be  given  .  The  cost  of  the  well  may  also  be  computed  when  the 
depth  is  obtained  and  the  character  of  the  rocks  is  known. 

ARTESIAN  AREAS  OF  MISSISSIPPI. 

The  Northeastern  Area. — The  artesian  area  of  this  region  includes 
most  of  the  low  lands  along  the  Tombigbee  river  and  its  tributaries. 
The  wells  on  the  higher  lands  west  of  the  Tombigbee  are  not  artesian 
but  hydraulic,  the  water  rising  in  most  instances  within  easy  pumping 
distances  of  the  surface.  The  wells  of  the  area  vary  in  depth  from  150 
feet  to  1000  feet,  being  deepest  in  the  southern  and  southwestern 
portions  of  the  Selma  chalk  area.  There  are  two  principal  water¬ 
bearing  strata.  The  lower  belongs  to  the  Potomac  and  the  upper  to 


MISSISSIPPI  EXPERIMENT  STATION 


9 


FIG.  3.— AX  ARTESIAN  WELL  AT  TUPELO,  MISS. 


FIG.  4.— PARK  LAKE  AT  TUPELO,  MISS.  Supplied  with  water  froml  fiva 

artesian  wells. 


10 


UNDERGROUND  WATERS  OF  MISSISSIPPI 


the  Tombigbee  formations.  They  are  separated  at  West  Point  by 
about  300  feet  of  sands  and  clays.  The  upper  stratum  is  reached  at 
Starkville  at  a  depth  of  900  feet  and  at  a  depth  of  910  feet  at  Shuqualak. 
On  account  of  the  westward  or  southwestward  dip  of  the  stratum  it 
soon  becomes  inaccessible  in  the  Flatwoods.  In  the  northern  part 
of  the  state,  however,  a  still  higher  water-bearing  stratum,  the  Ripley, 
becomes  accessible  for  the  eastern  part  of  the  Flatwoods  from  Houston 
to  the  state  line.  There  is  also  a  small  artesian  basin  in  the  Ripley 
outcrop,  the  wells  varying  in  depth  from  90  to  500  feet. 

The  Eastern  Area. — The  artesian  basin  of  the  eastern  portion  of 
Mississippi  is  included  in  the  low  lands  along  the  Chickasawhay  and 
the  Leaf  rivers.  The  higher  lands  furnish  non-flowing  but  deep  hy¬ 
draulic  wells.  The  principal  water-bearing  strata  belong  to  the  Buhr- 
stone,  the  Claiborne  and  the  Grand  Gulf  formations.  The  artesian 
wells  vary  in  depth  from  150  to  600  feet.  Some  of  the  hydraulic 
wells  reach  available  water  at  1500  feet. 

The  Gulf  Coast  Area. — This  artesian  area  includes  besides  the  low 
lands  along  the  coast  the  lower  valleys  of  the  Pearl  and  the  Pascagoula 
rivers.  The  geological  formations  of  the  Coast  consist  of  fresh  and 
brackish  water  sands,  clays,  and  gravels,  and  marine  sands  and  muds. 
Water-bearing  sands  and  gravels  occur  at  a  number  of  horizons.  Two 
water-bearing  strata  were  encountered  in  the  wells  at  Bay  St.  Louis, 
Lyman,  Moss  Point  and  Biloxi.  At  Slidell,  La.,  there  are  three  water¬ 
bearing  strata.  The  first  at  300  feet,  the  water  flowing  ten  gallons  per 
minute;  the  second  at  450  feet,  the  water  flowing  60  gallons  per  minute; 
the  third  at  900  feet,  the  water  flowing  80  gallons  per  minute. 

The  water-bearing  strata  of  the  Coast  extend  outward  underneath 
the  waters  of  Mississippi  Sound  toward  the  deep  waters  of  the  Gulf. 
At  Gulfport  and  at  Bay  St.  Louis  potable  artesian  water  is  obtained 
from  strata  underlying  the  marine  waters  of  the  sound.  At  Ship  Island 
which  lies  about  eleven  miles  out  in  the  sound,  south  of  Biloxi,  artesian 
water  is  obtained  at  a  depth  of  750  feet.  At  Biloxi  the  first  important 
artesian  water  is  obtained  at  a  depth  of  500  feet.  If  this  is  the  same 
stratum  from  which  the  water  is  obtained  on  Ship  Island  the  dip  of 
the  stratum  Gulf  ward  is  about  21  feet  per  mile. 

The  Mississippi  Bottoms  Area. — Doubtless  the  greater  part  of  the 
area  included  between  the  Yazoo  and  the  Mississippi  rivers  will  furnish 
artesian  water  at  an  available  depth.  The  artesian  wells  now  in  ex¬ 
istence  vary  in  depth  from  90  to  1320  feet.  In  some  localities  as  many 
as  three  water-bearing  strata  have  been  encountered  in  the  wells. 
For  instance  at  Clarksdale  water  is  obtained  at  90,  330  and  900  feet. 


MISSISSIPPI  EXPERIMENT  STATION 


11 


FIG.  5.— SECTION,  SHOWING  DEPTH  OF  WELLS  between  Greenwood  and 

Greenville,  Miss. 


FIG.  6.— SECTION  FROM  LACY,  MISS.,  TO  SLIDELL,  LA.,  showing  position 

of  .water-bearing  strata. 


FIG.  7.— SECTION  FROM  STARKVILLE  TO  ABERDEEN,  showing  depth 

of  water-bearing  strata. 


.0C»  Wm 


12 


UNDERGROUND  WATERS  OF  MISSISSIPPI 


FIG.  8.— ARTESIAN  WELL  AT  ENTERPRISE,  MISS. 


FIG.  9.— SECTION  FROM  ENTERPRISE  TO  WAYNESBORO,  showing  depth 

of  water-bearing  strata. 


FIG.  10.— AN  ARTESIAN  FOUNTAIN  AT  BILOXI, 


MISS 


MISSISSIPPI  EXPERIMENT  STATION 


13 


FIG.  II.— AN  ARTESIAN  WELL  AT  HATTIESBURG,  MISS. 


FIG.  12.— PALOL  SPRINGS,  NEAR  HATTIESBURG,  MISS 


14 


UNDERGROUND  WATERS  OF  MISSISSIPPI 


WELL  DRILLING. 

Methods  of  Drilling. — In  the  drilling  of  shallow  wells  a  bit  or  churn 
drill  is  rotated  in  an  iron  casing.  The  bit  serves  to  loosen  the  earth 
which  is  removed  from  the  bore  by  means  of  a  pump  or  long  cylindrical 
bucket  with  a  valve  in  the  bottom,  water  being  first  forced  into  the 
casing. 

For  wells  of  greater  depth,  in  wliich  this  method  is  impracticable, 
a  hollow  revolving  bit  is  used.  After  the  earth  has  been  loosened  by 
the  bit  it  is  removed  from  the  bore  by  means  of  an  upward  current  of 
water  which  is  maintained  between  the  bit  and  the  wall  of  the  bore 
by  forcing  water  down  the  hollow  bit  and  allowing  it  to  escape  through 
an  opening  just  above  the  point  of  the  bit.  The  power  used  for  drilling 
may  be  hand  power,  horse  power,  or  steam  power,  depending  on  the 
size  and  depth  of  the  well.  This  process  is  called  the  “jetting  process.” 

In  the  rotary  process  no  casing  is  used  but  a  bit  larger  than  the 
hollow-bit-pipe  is  provided  with  a  mechanical  devise  for  rotating  it  by 
steam  power.  In  case  the  bore  is  passing  through  sand  or  incoherent 
sandstone  water  containing  considerable  clay  is  forced  into  the  hollow 
pipe  for  the  purpose  of  making  the  walls  of  the  bore  more  firm.  Since 
the  size  of  the  bore  is  larger  than  the  bit-pipe,  the  water  carrying  the 
drillings  is  forced  upward  between  the  bit-pipe  and  the  wall  of  the  bore. 
After  the  bore  has  reached  the  water-bearing  stratum  the  bit  and  pipe 
are  removed  and  the  well  is  cased  if  the  bore  is  in  sand  or  other  unin¬ 
durate  rock.  If  in  firm  rock,  casing  is  not  needed.  In  passing  through 
hard  and  soft  strata  only  the  section  of  soft  rock  is  cased.  In  some 
wells  a  perforated  pipe  or  strainer  is  used  to  keep  out  the  fine  sand. 
Some  wells  are  pumped  for  several  days  after  the  water-beariiig  stratum 
is  reached  in  order  to  remove  the  sand  and  form  a  basin  at  the  base  of 
the  bore.  In  gravel  or  coarse  sand  no  strainer  is  needed.  In  some  in¬ 
stances  a  surface  settling  basin  is  used  in  order  to  free  the  water  from 
suspended  particles.  '  ^ 

For  drilling  wells  of  from  three  to  five  hundred  feet  in  depth  port¬ 
able  drilling  outfits  consisting  usually  of  a  traction  or  dummy  engine, 
a  derrick  and  a  pump  is  used.  For  drilling  wells  reaching  greater 
depths  a  stronger  outfit  is  desirable.  A  taller,  stronger  derrick  than 
the  portable  one  is  uesd  so  that  two  or  even  three  lengths  of  pipe  or 
casing  may  be  uncoupled  at  a  time. 

Cost  of  Deep  Wells. — The  cost  of  a  drilled  well  depends  upon  a 
number  of  factors  such  as  the  depth,  character  of  the  rock,  and  the  kind 
of  drill.  Some  well  drillers  now  at  work  in  the  state  make  a  charge  of 
fifty  cents  per  foot  for  the  first  300  feet  and  for  each  additional  100  feet 


MISSISSIPPI  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


15 


FIG.  13.— A  WELL  DRILLER’S  OUTFIT. 

the  rate  increases  twenty-five  cents  per  foot.  At  this  rate  the  average 
cost  per  foot  of  a  500-foot  well  is  sixty-five  cents.  The  average  cost 
per  foot  of  a  1000-foot  well  is  SI. 20. 

In  some  localities  where  the  softness  of  the  rock  is  well  known  a 
uniform  rate  of  forty  cents  per  foot  to  a  depth  of  five  hundred  feet  is 
charged.  In  strata  of  incoherent  sands  the  cost  of  deep  wells  is 
increased  by  the  necessity  for  casing. 

In  firm  rock  such  as  limestone,  or  even  in  clay,  casing  is  rarely 
needed.  The  following  examples  are  of  wells  wdiich  have  been  put 
down  in  diherent  parts  of  the  state  and  wall  serve  to  give  some  idea 
of  the  cost  of  deep  wells: 

Well  \o.  1.  Depth,  522  feet;  cost,  $208.80;  character  of  the  rock, 
sand  and  sandv  marl. 

Well  No.  2.  Depth,  607  feet;  cost  $357;  character  of  rock,  limestone, 
sand  and  clay. 

Well  No.  3.  Depth,  210  feet;  cost,  $75;  character  of  rock,  sand  and 
clay. 


16 


UNDERGROUND  WATERS  OF  MISSISSIPPI 


Well  No.  4.  Depth,  814  feet;  cost,  $582.50;  character  of  the  rock, 
limestone,  clay  and  sandstone. 

For  a  more  complete  discussion  of  the  underground  waters  of  Mis¬ 
sissippi  see  bulletin  No.  89,  “The  Underground  Waters  of  Mississippi,” 
by  W.  N.  Logan  and  W.  R.  Perkins,  of  which  this  Circular  is  largely 
a  summary. 


FIG.  14.— WELL  DERRICK  AT  ENTERPRISE,  MISS. 


FIG.  15.— THE  lUKA  SPRINGS. 


